Cossackia

Cossackia () (Ukrainian: Козакія) is a term sometimes used to refer to the traditional areas where the Cossack communities live in Russia and Ukraine, and to the lands of the Zaporizhian Host. Depending on its context, "Cossackia" may mean the ethnographic area of Cossack habitat or a proposed Cossack state independent from the Soviet Union. ==Early 20th century== The name "Cossackia" became popular among the Cossack émigrés in Europe after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing civil war. It was used to designate a union of seven Cossack territorial Hosts ("units")— the Don, Kuban, Terek, Astrakhan, Ural, Orenburg, and the Kalmuk district. The idea of Cossackia was first mooted in December 1920 by a group of Cossack emigres in Constantinople who founded the Union for the Resurrection of Cossackdom. The majority of the Cossacks in exile saw themselves as Russians, and the idea of Cossackia was disallowed by the atamans of the Don, Kuban, and Terek Hosts. The majority of the Cossack emigres were living in poverty and had little interest in the project. Calls for an independent Cossackia emerged within the vibrant émigré Cossack community in Prague, Czechoslovakia, later in the 1920s. The principle champion of Cossackia was Vasily Glazkov, a Don Cossack who founded the Cossack National Center in Prague. Glazkov's Cossack National Center had about only 12 members, but gained an influential patron in the form of Nazi Germany. After the German occupation of the Czech half of Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939, the Cossack National Center was the only Cossack group permitted to operate in Prague with the others all being closed. A project of a constitution for Cossackia was also devised and envisaged the creation of the state of Cossackia and its secession from the Soviet Union. ==World War II== During World War II, some proponents of "Cossackia" rallied behind Germany and attempted to establish a notionally independent Cossack state. Alfred Rosenberg, the Minister of the East (Ostministerium), favored an approach called "political warfare" in order to "free the German Reich from Pan-Slavic pressure for centuries to come". Under Rosenberg's "political warfare" approach, the Soviet Union was to be broken up into four nominally independent states consisting of Ukraine; a federation in the Caucasus; an entity to be called Ostland which would comprise the Baltic states and Belorussia (modern Belarus); and a rump Russian state. Rosenberg was a fanatical anti-Semite and racist but he favored a more diplomatic policy towards the non-Russian and non-Jewish population of the Soviet Union, arguing that this was a vast reservoir of manpower that could be used by the Reich.

Initially, Rosenberg considered the Cossacks to be Russians, and he ascribed to the popular German stereotype of Cossacks as thuggish rapists and looters. However, as the numbers of Cossacks rallying to the Reich continued to grow into 1942, Rosenberg changed his opinion, deciding that the Cossacks were not Russians after all, instead being a separate "race" descended from the Goths. The Ostministerium was supported by the SS, whose "racial experts" had concluded by 1942 the Cossacks were not Slavs, but rather the descendants of the Ostrogoths and thus were Aryans. Rosenberg decided that after the "final victory" Germany would establish a new puppet state to be called Cossackia in the traditional territories of the Don, Kuban, Terek, Askrakhan, Ural and Orenburg Hosts in southeastern Russia. Most of the Cossack leaders tended to reject the concept of "Cossackia", but since it was German policy to promote "Cossackia", they had little choice in the matter. Glazkov's separatist ideology was formally embraced as the basis of German policy towards the Cossacks. In 1942, ataman Sergei Pavlov was approached by the Ostministerium with an offer that if he put his Host at the disposal of the Wehrmacht, then Germany would establish Cossackia. Through Pavlov was prepared to fight for Germany, he was less interested in Cossackia. From 1942 onward, Nazi propaganda proclaimed support for establishing Cossackia as a German war aim. Cossacks living in the stanitsas occupied by the Wehrmacht, in German POW camps, and to those serving in the Ostlegionen were bombarded with Nazi propaganda announcing that once the Third Reich won its "final victory" Cossackia would become a reality.