glucagon

Also known as GCG(53-81), glucagone, glucagon recombinant

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication to treat a number of health conditions. Its effect is opposite to that of insulin, which lowers extracellular glucose. It is produced from proglucagon, encoded by the GCG gene.

AI overview

Glucagon is a hormone made by the pancreas that raises blood sugar and fatty acid levels, working opposite to insulin to help maintain energy availability in your body. It's also used as a medication to treat certain health conditions.

AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.

Chemical data

Formula: C153H225N43O49S
Molecular weight: 3482.7 g/mol
IUPAC name: (3S)-3-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid
SMILES: C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC4=CC=CC=C4)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC5=CNC6=CC=CC=C65)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)O)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC7=CNC=N7)N)O
InChIKey: MASNOZXLGMXCHN-GVLKBUBXSA-N
XLogP: -16.9
Polar surface area: 1560 Å²
H-bond donors: 55
H-bond acceptors: 55
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

65,839 papers

Hepatic glucagon action: beyond glucose mobilization.ReviewPhysiological reviews · 2024Kajani S, Laker RC, Ratkova E et al.DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2023
100 years of glucagon and 100 more.ReviewDiabetologia · 2023Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Cherrington AD et al.DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05947-y
Glucagon and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Heart.ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Neumann J, Hofmann B, Dhein S et al.DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612829
Glucagon: Delivery advancements for hypoglycemia management.ReviewInternational journal of pharmaceutics · 2024Kumar S, Sanap SN, Pandey P et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123785
Glucagon Regulation of Energy Expenditure.ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2019Kleinert M, Sachs S, Habegger KM et al.DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215407
Glucagon, from past to present: a century of intensive research and controversies.ReviewThe lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2023Scheen AJ, Lefèbvre PJDOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00349-7
Glucagon Receptor Signaling and Glucagon Resistance.ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2019Janah L, Kjeldsen S, Galsgaard KD et al.DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133314
Clinical Pharmacology of Glucagon.ReviewClinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2024Kronfol MM, Chow EC, Lau SWJ et al.DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3340

via PubMed

Wikidata facts

Mass: 3482.7

Show 4 more facts

chemical formula: C₁₅₃H₂₂₅N₄₃O₄₉S
Commons category: Glucagon
exact match: www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01275#PRO_0000011256
defined daily dose: 1

Sources (10)

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~12 min read

Article

11 sections

Contents

Structure
Physiology
Production
Regulation
Function
Mechanism of action
Pathology
History
See also
References
External links

The pancreas releases glucagon when the amount of glucose in the bloodstream is too low. Glucagon causes the liver to engage in glycogenolysis: converting stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. High blood-glucose levels, on the other hand, stimulate the release of insulin. Insulin allows glucose to be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues. Thus, glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels stable. Glucagon increases energy expenditure and is elevated under conditions of stress. Glucagon belongs to the secretin family of hormones.