morphine

Also known as (-)-morphine, (5R,6S,9R,13S,14R)-4,5-epoxy-N-methyl-7-morphinen-3,6-diol, Morphia, morphium, (5alpha,6alpha)-17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-3,6-diol, (5alpha,6alpha)-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol, (5α,6α)-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol, (7R,7AS,12bs)-3-methyl-2,3,4,4a,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methano[1]benzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol

AI overview

Morphine is a naturally occurring pain-relieving drug extracted from opium poppies that works by affecting the central nervous system to reduce pain and change how people perceive it. It can be administered through multiple methods including oral, injection, and transdermal routes, and is primarily used as a pain medication in medical settings.

AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.

Key facts

Drug.verifiedrevid: 477170110
Drug.image: Morphine2DCSDS.svg
Drug.image_class: skin-invert-image
Drug.width: 180
Drug.image2: Morphine molecule ball.png
Drug.image_class2: bg-transparent
Drug.tradename: Statex, MS Contin, Kadian, Oramorph, M-ESLON, others
Drug.MedlinePlus: a682133
Drug.DailyMedID: Morphine
Drug.pregnancy_AU: C
Drug.dependency_liability: High
Drug.addiction_liability: High
Drug.routes_of_administration: Inhalation, insufflation, by mouth, rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, epidural, intrathecal
Drug.class: Opiate
Drug.ATC_prefix: N02
Drug.ATC_suffix: AA01
Drug.legal_AU: S8
Drug.legal_BR: A1

via Wikipedia infobox

Chemical data

Formula: C17H19NO3
Molecular weight: 285.34 g/mol
IUPAC name: (4R,4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-3-methyl-2,4,4a,7,7a,13-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol
SMILES: CN1CC[C@]23[C@@H]4[C@H]1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)O[C@H]3[C@H](C=C4)O
InChIKey: BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N
XLogP: 0.8
Polar surface area: 52.9 Å²
H-bond donors: 2
H-bond acceptors: 4
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

82,258 papers

Morphine metabolites.ReviewActa anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · 1997Christrup LLDOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x
Pharmacological data science perspective on fatal incidents of morphine treatment.ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics · 2023Noufal Y, Kringel D, Toennes SW et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108312
Morphine-6-glucuronide: morphine's successor for postoperative pain relief?ReviewAnesthesia and analgesia · 2006van Dorp EL, Romberg R, Sarton E et al.DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000217197.96784.c3
Morphine pharmacokinetics and analgesia after oral administration.ReviewPostgraduate medical journal · 1991Hanks GW
Role of morphine's metabolites in analgesia: concepts and controversies.ReviewThe AAPS journal · 2006Wittwer E, Kern SEDOI: 10.1007/BF02854905
Considerations in morphine therapy.ReviewAmerican journal of hospital pharmacy · 1994Laizure SC
The role of morphine glucuronides in cancer pain.ReviewPalliative medicine · 1999Mercadante SDOI: 10.1191/026921699678158579
A review of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide's pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in experimental and clinical pain.ReviewEuropean journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2015Sverrisdóttir E, Lund TM, Olesen AE et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.020

via PubMed

Wikidata facts

Mass: 285.136

Show 7 more facts

Commons category: Morphine
chemical formula: C₁₇H₁₉NO₃
canonical SMILES: CN1CCC23C4C1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)OC3C(C=C4)O
isomeric SMILES: CN1CC[C@]23[C@@H]4[C@H]1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)O[C@H]3[C@H](C=C4)O
melting point: 254
time of discovery or invention: 1804-00-00
defined daily dose: 30

Sources (8)

via Wikidata · CC0

~62 min read

Article

47 sections

Contents

Medical uses
Pain
Shortness of breath
Opioid use disorder
Contraindications
Adverse effects
Constipation
Hormone imbalance
Effects on human performance
Reinforcement disorders
Addiction
Tolerance
Dependence and withdrawal
Toxicity
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Analgesia creation
Gene expression
Effects on the immune system
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption and metabolism
Extended-release
Detection in body fluids
Chirality and biological activity
Natural occurrence
Human biosynthesis
Biosynthesis in the opium poppy
Chemistry
Structure description
Uses and derivatives
Chemical salts of Morphine
Production
Chemical synthesis
GMO synthesis
Research
Precursor to other opioids
Pharmaceutical
Illicit
History
Society and culture
Legal status
Non-medical use
Names
Access in developing countries
Veterinary use
References
External links

Morphine, formerly known as morphium, is an opiate found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are multiple methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal; intravenously; or via rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during labor. Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3–7 hours. Long-acting formulations of morphine are sold under the brand names MS Contin and Kadian, among others. Generic long-acting formulations are also available.

Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, euphoria, nausea, dizziness, sweating, and constipation. Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, and low blood pressure. Morphine is highly addictive and prone to abuse. If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Caution is advised for the use of morphine during pregnancy or breastfeeding, as it may affect the health of the baby.